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Materialism
accepts the eternity and everlastingness of the universe (its having no
beginning or end), that it is not created by God, and is infinite in time and
place.1
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He is the
Originator of the Heaven and the earth...
(Surat al-An'am:101)
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The reason why materialism so
deifies matter stems from its categorical refusal to accept the existence of a
Creator. That matter is not absolute implies that it had a beginning: that it
had a beginning means that it was brought into being from nothing, that is, it
was created.
Not surprisingly, the consensus
reached by the world of science at the end of the 20th century verifies the fact
that matter is not absolute and that it had a beginning: the whole universe
originated from nothing approximately 15 billion years ago with the explosion of
a point with "zero" volume and took its present shape by expanding
over time. The authenticity of this event, which is called the Big Bang, is
proved by many substantial observations and experiments as well as by the
calculations of theoretic physicists.
The latest point reached by
science today verifies the fact that "the universe was created out of
nothing," as is maintained by the Qur'an and all other divine religions. In
addition, modern science has disproved materialism and all its sub-ideologies,
destroyed the matter-dependent world of materialists, and defeated them in the
war they waged against creation.
Materialists, however, cannot
accept the fact that matter is not absolute but was created, even at the cost of
conflicting with science. To accept this fact would require them to accept the
existence of Allah, and to believe in Allah would require them to accept
religion and lead religious lives. As religion primarily requires definite
obedience and submission to Allah, this would prove to be troublesome for such
people as are blinded by their own arrogance. In the Qur'an, the state of those
who escape realities because of their arrogance — though the truth is quite
apparent — is explained as follows:
And they rejected those
Signs in their iniquity and arrogance, though their souls were convinced of
their truth. Consider the fate of those who acted corruptly! (Surat an-Naml, 14)
Materialists believe that
time, just like matter, is absolute, i.e., it comes from eternity and goes on to
eternity. Adhering to this misapprehension, they seek to deny fate, the day of
resurrection, paradise and hell. However, today, modern science has proven that
just like matter, time, which is a derivative of matter, has also been created
from nothingness, and that it also had a beginning. At the same time, that time
is a relative notion, that it is not static and unchanging as materialists have
long believed, and that it is a changing form of perception were also discovered
in this century. The relativity of time and space has been proven by Einstein's
Theory of Relativity and this fact has today laid the basis of modern physics.
To sum up, time and space are
concepts that are not absolute, that have a beginning, and that were created by
Allah from nothing. Allah, Who has created time and space, is certainly not
dependent on them. Allah has defined, determined and created every moment of
time in timelessness. This is what underlies the essence of the reality of
"Fate," which materialists fail to comprehend.
All of the events that have
been experienced in the past and that will be experienced in the future by us,
are within the knowledge and control of Allah, Who is not dependent on time, and
Who created time from nothing.
Today, modern science
verifies facts announced by the Qur'an 1400 years ago, which are unequivocally
believed in by the believers. This bears witness that the Qur'an is the word of
Allah. On the other hand, materialist thought, which has been denying Allah's
existence and the fact of creation for centuries, is refuted in every field by
science, a discipline to which it never stops referring and in which it takes
refuge on all occasions. In this book, we will produce evidence to show that the
claims of materialists have no scientific and logical basis, and that on the
contrary, materialism is totally demolished by contemporary science. The
subjects covered here include very important pieces of evidence about the
essence of matter and the relativity of time and space. Thus, you will encounter
some facts which you have never pondered upon so far, and will understand that
the essence of matter is in truth very different from what materialism puts
forward or what you have previously been taught.
The Universe
is Created From Non-Existence
Materialism is a system of thought that holds
matter to be an absolute entity and denies the existence of anything but matter.
Having its roots in ancient Greece and gaining increased acceptance,
particularly in the 19th century, and becoming famous with the dialectical
materialism of Karl Marx, this system of thought claims that matter has existed
forever and that it will exist for all eternity. Since it maintains that matter
is not created, it does not accept the existence of a Creator.
The founder of dialectical materialism: Karl Marx
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As we have just stated,
materialism became popular mainly in the 19th century. One of the principal
reasons for this is the "static universe" model that was then produced
in response to the question of "how the universe had come about". This
model answered the question by stating that the universe had not come about, it
had existed forever and would continue to exist forever. The universe was
accepted to be a stable, constant and unchanging collection of matter and the
notion was promoted that such a universe did not require us to believe in a
Creator.
The confirmation of the
opposite of this universe model, that is, the discovery that the universe had a
beginning and that it was alterable, unquestionably proved the existence of a
Creator. In his book "Principes Fondamentaux de Philosophie", renowned
materialist philosopher Georges Politzer accepted this fact in his denial of
creation on the basis of this "boundless universe" model:
The
universe is not a created object. If it were, then it would have to have been
created instantaneously by God and brought into existence from nothing. To
admit creation, one has to admit, in the first place, the existence of a
moment when the universe did not exist, and that something came out of
nothingness. This is something to which science cannot concede.2
At the end of a period that
started in the second quarter of the 20th century, modern science, however,
proved the fact admitted by materialists when they said: "If it was so,
then we would perforce agree that a Creator existed,"—that is, that the
universe had a beginning. This fact was revealed after a number of stages.
The Expansion of the Universe
In 1929, in the California
Mount Wilson observatory, an American astronomer by the name of Edwin Hubble
made one of the greatest discoveries in the history of astronomy. While he
observed the stars with a giant telescope, he found out that the light from them
was shifted to the red end of the spectrum and that this shift was more
pronounced the further a star was from the earth. This discovery had an
electrifying effect in the world of science, because according to the recognised
rules of physics, the spectra of light beams travelling towards the point of
observation tend towards violet while the spectra of light beams moving away
from the point of observation tend towards red. This meant that the stars were
constantly moving away from us.
Edwin Hubble, next to his giant telescope.
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Before long, Hubble made
another very important discovery: Stars and galaxies moved away not only from
us, but also from one another. The only conclusion that could be derived from a
universe where everything moves away from everything else is that the universe
constantly "expands." To elucidate, the universe may be thought of as
the surface of a balloon being blown up. Just as the points on the surface of a
balloon move apart from each other as the balloon is inflated, so do the objects
in space move apart from each other as the universe keeps expanding.
In fact, this had been
theoretically discovered even earlier. Albert Einstein, judging from the
calculations which had led him to formulate the Theory of Relativity in 1915,
had concluded that the universe could not be static. Greatly taken by surprise
at his own discovery, Einstein added a factor called the "cosmological
constant" to his equations, simply to eliminate this unbecoming conclusion.
Convinced by astronomers that the universe was static, he did not want his
theory to conflict with this model. This view, which was later withdrawn by
Einstein himself — who confessed that it was "the greatest mistake of his
career," — was thrown on to the scrap heaps of history in view of
developing scientific discoveries.
For the first time in 1922,
Russian scientist Alexander Friedmann discovered on the basis of the Theory of
Relativity that the universe was alterable and that even a slight change caused
it to expand or shrink. While Friedmann reached this conclusion, he also
corrected the mistake (of the cosmological constant) in Einstein's article dated
1917.
The first person who used the
solutions discovered by Friedmann was the Belgian cosmic scientist, Georges
Lemaitre (1894-1966). Relying on these solutions, Lemaitre maintained that the
universe had a beginning and that it had been constantly expanding since then.
In addition, he stated that the radiation remaining from this starting moment
could be detected (this radiation, given the name of 'cosmic background
radiation' was indeed later detected by observations).
The Discovery of the Big Bang
The fact that the universe
expands proposed a model very different from that of the "static
universe" that had gained general currency. The expansion of the universe
implied that, when travelling backwards in time, the universe would prove to
have originated from a single point.
The calculations showed that
this "single point" that harboured all the matter of the universe
should have had "zero volume" and "infinite density." The
universe had come about by the explosion of this single point with zero volume.
This explosion was named the "Big Bang" and the theory came to be so
called.
EVIDENCE FOR THE BIG
BANG: THE SHIFT TO RED IN THE LIGHTS OF GALAXIES
 
An observer who views the spectra of a distancing object will see that
this become increasingly redder. Observations made from the earth have
shown that the spectra of light beams of the galaxies and stars in the
sky increasingly tend towards red. This means that heavenly bodies
constantly move away from us. The discovery of this fact by
observations made in the 1920's has proved that the universe has an
expanding structure and that it originated in the Big Bang.
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You may wonder how a point
with no volume, that is, occupying no space, and with infinite density can
exist. Actually, "a point with no volume and infinite density" is a
theoretical from of expression. Scientifically, a point described as having
"zero volume" means a point with no volume. In fact, a point with no
volume means that it is "nonexistent". Therefore, the universe has
been brought into existence from non-existence. This fact invalidates the
hypothesis of materialism that "the universe has existed since time
immemorial".
"Steady State" Trial
Astronomers
devoted to the materialist philosophy sought to resist the Big Bang and uphold
the steady state theory. The cause of this effort was revealed in A.S.
Eddington's words "Philosophically, the notion of an abrupt beginning to
the present order of Nature is repugnant to me."3
World renowned mathematician
and astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle was one of those who were disturbed by the Big
Bang theory. In the middle of the century, Hoyle championed a theory called the
"steady-state," which was similar to the "constant universe"
approach of the 19th century. Though he accepted that the universe was
expanding, Hoyle argued that the universe was both infinite in size and eternal
in duration. According to this model, as the universe expanded, matter was
suddenly starting to come into existence on its own and only to the extent that
it was needed. With the sole ostensible aim of supporting the dogma of
"eternally existing matter" — the basis of the materialist
philosophy, — this theory was totally at variance with the "Big
Bang" theory, which held that the universe had a beginning.
Those who defended the
steady-state theory opposed the Big Bang for a long time. Science, however, was
working against them.
New Evidence for the Big Bang: Cosmic Background
Radiation
In 1948, George Gamow came up
with another idea concerning the Big Bang. He stated that after the formation of
the universe by a big explosion, a radiation surplus left over from this
explosion should have existed in the universe. Moreover, this radiation ought to
be uniformly diffused throughout the universe.
George Gamow
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This evidence which
"ought to have existed" was soon to be found. In 1965, two researchers
by the name of Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered these waves. This
radiation, called "cosmic background radiation", was very different
from just any haphazard radiation coming from a particular direction in space.
It was extraordinarily uniform. In other words, it did not seem to radiate from
a particular source but rather pervaded the whole of space. Thus, it was
understood that the 3 degrees Kelvin heat waves that were uniformly radiated
from all around space had been left over from the initial stages of the Big
Bang. Moreover, this figure was very close to the figure previously foreseen by
scientists. Although they were able to make measurements only at a single wave
length (microwave), Penzias and Wilson were awarded a Nobel Prize for being the
first persons to show this original evidence of the Big Bang by experiment.
In 1989, George Smoot and the
NASA team under his leadership sent the Cosmic Background Radiation Discovery
Satellite (COBE) into space to do research on cosmic background radiation. It
took only eight minutes for the sensitive scanners on this satellite to confirm
the measurements of Penzias and Wilson. The scanners accurately identified the
remains of the big explosion that had taken place at the outset of the universe.
Defined as the greatest
astronomic discovery of all times, this finding did not stop there. Where the
COBE 1 satellite had given information on the temperature at a certain point in
space, the COBE 2 satellite went further, discovering that there is a
temperature difference between two points in space. This showed that the
heat generated after the big bang increasingly diminished. After this event,
many scientists commented on COBE's success as the "Big Bang's confirmation
in an extraordinary way."
Further Evidence: Hydrogen-Helium Concentration
A photograph taken by the Hubble telescope. Every luminous point in
the picture is a galaxy. It is estimated that there are approximately
300 billion galaxies in the entire universe. It is predicted that
there are on average 250-300 billion stars in each galaxy. All of the
matter and energy making up this giant universe is created from
nothing and this is very clear evidence for creation.
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Another important piece of
evidence for the Big Bang was the amount of hydrogen and helium in space. From
the latest calculations, it was understood that the hydrogen-helium
concentration in the universe tallied with the theoretical calculations of the
hydrogen-helium concentration remaining after the Big Bang.
As is generally known, stars
produce energy by transforming their hydrogen constituents into helium through a
nuclear reaction. If the universe had not had a beginning and if it had existed
forever, then all the hydrogen in the stars should have been consumed and
transformed into helium. However, the fact that the hydrogen gas in the stars
has not yet been consumed and that the stars still continue to produce energy by
constantly turning this gas into helium is certain evidence that the universe is
not infinite and had a beginning.
The Big Bang's Victory
All of this
compelling evidence caused the Big Bang theory to be embraced by the scientific
community. The Big Bang model is the latest position reached by science on the
formation and beginning of the universe. Defending the steady-state theory
alongside Fred Hoyle for years, Dennis Sciama described the final position they
had reached after all the evidence for the Big Bang theory was revealed. Sciama
stated that he had taken part in the heated debate between the defenders of the
steady-state theory and those who tested that theory with the hope of refuting
it. He added that he had defended the steady-state theory, not because he deemed
it valid, but because he wished that it were valid. Fred Hoyle stood out against
all objections as evidence against this theory began to unfold. Sciama goes on
to say that he had first taken a stand along with Hoyle but, as evidence began
to pile up, he had had to admit that the game was over and that the steady-state
theory had to be dismissed.4
Prof. George
Abel from the University of California also states that currently available
evidence shows that the universe originated billions of years ago with the Big
Bang. He concedes that he has no choice but to accept the Big Bang theory. 5
Fred Hoyle
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With the Big Bang's victory,
the concept of "eternal matter" that constituted the basis of the
materialist philosophy has been thrown on to the trash-heap of history. What,
then, came before the Big Bang and what was the power that brought the universe
into "being" with this big explosion when it was
"non-existent"? This question certainly implies, in Arthur Eddington's
words, a "philosophically unfavourable" fact for the materialists,
that is, the existence of a Creator. The renowned atheist philosopher Antony
Flew comments on the issue:
Notoriously,
confession is good for the soul. I will, therefore, begin by confessing that
the Stratonician atheist has to be embarrassed by the contemporary
cosmological consensus. For it seems that the cosmologists are providing a
scientific proof of what St. Thomas contended could not be proved
philosophically; namely, that the universe had a beginning. So long as the
universe can be comfortably thought of as being not only without end but also
without beginning, it remains easy to urge that its brute existence, and
whatever are found to be its most fundamental features, should be accepted as
the explanatory ultimates. Although I believe that it remains still correct,
it certainly is neither easy nor comfortable to maintain this position in the
face of the Big Bang story.6
Many scientists who do not
blindly condition themselves to be atheists have admitted the role of an
almighty Creator in the creation of the universe. This Creator must be a being
Who has created both matter and time, yet Who is independent of both.
Roger
Penrose, a physicist who has done extensive research on the origin of the
universe, has also stated that the universe rests where it is not by mere
coincidence, and this shows that it definitely has a purpose. For some people,
"the universe is just there" and it just goes on being there. We just
happened to find ourselves right in the middle of this whole thing. This
viewpoint would probably not help us in understanding the universe. According to
Penrose's view, there are many deep affairs going on within the universe whose
existence we cannot today perceive.7
Facts Announced By The Qur'an 14 Centuries Ago
To sum up, the definite
conclusion reached by astrophysics was that the entire universe, with its matter
and time dimensions, came into being at a moment of zero with a big explosion
(Big Bang). Before the Big Bang, there was no such thing as time. Matter,
energy, and time came into existence out of a state of nothingness where neither
matter, nor energy, and nor time was existent this event can be defined as
entirely metaphysical. However, this great reality discovered by modern physics
only at the end of this century was announced to us in the Qur'an 14 centuries
ago.
To Him is due the
primal origin of the heavens and the earth. (Surat al-Anaam, 101)
The Big Bang theory showed
that, in the beginning, all the objects in the universe were of one piece and
then were parted. This fact, which was postulated by the Big Bang theory was
stated in the Qur'an 14 centuries ago, when people had a very limited knowledge
about the universe:
Do not the Unbelievers
see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of
creation), before we clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing.
Will they not then believe? (Surat al-Anbiya, 30)
As stated at the beginning of
this chapter, the expansion of the universe is one of the most important pieces
of evidence that the universe was created out of nothing. Although this fact,
which has existed since the universe was created, was not discovered by modern
science until the 20th century, Allah informed us of this reality in the Qur'an
which was revealed 1,400 years ago:
It is We who have
built the universe with (Our creative) power, and, verily, it is We who are
steadily expanding it. (Surat adh-Dhariyat, 47)
The Explosion That Brought Order
In reality, the Big Bang
caused much greater trouble for the materialists and atheists (those terms being
almost synonymous), than the above confessions of the atheist philosopher,
Antony Flew. The Big Bang proved not only that the universe was created out of
nothing, but also that it was brought into being in a very planned, systematic
and controlled manner.
Perfect order arose after the
Big Bang, which was an explosion. Explosions, however, never bring about order.
All of the observable explosions tend to harm, cause to disintegrate, and
destroy what is present. For example, the atom and hydrogen bomb explosions,
fire-damp explosions, volcanic explosions, natural gas explosions, solar
explosions all have destructive effects.
If, however, we are
introduced to a very detailed order after an explosion, we then conclude that
there is a "supernatural" intervention behind this explosion and that
all the pieces dispersed by the explosion are made to move in a very controlled
way.
The following statement made
by Sir Fred Hoyle, who accepted his mistake after many years of opposition to
the Big Bang Theory, expresses this situation very well:
The big
bang theory holds that the universe began with a single explosion. Yet, an
explosion merely throws matter apart, while the big bang has mysteriously
produced the opposite effect - with matter clumping together in the form of
galaxies.8
While stating that the Big
Bang's giving way to order is contradictory, he surely interprets the Big Bang
with a materialistic bias and assumes that this was an "uncontrolled
explosion." In reality, however, he was the one who contradicted himself by
making such a statement simply to dismiss the existence of a Creator, Who is
Allah. If great order has arisen as the result of an explosion, then the concept
of an "uncontrolled explosion" must be set aside and it must be
accepted that the explosion was extraordinarily controlled.
This order holds true for all
stages after the Big Bang. The matter that has emerged with the Big Bang is in
the form of the particles we call "atomic particles". But these – as
Hoyle stated, have "mysteriously" come together and formed atoms
everywhere and in every part of the universe. Being composed in great order,
these atoms have formed galaxies by concentrating in certain parts of the
universe. In these galaxies stars have formed stars, and around these stars,
star systems and planets have come into existence. All these vast heavenly
bodies are extraordinarily organized. If we think that there are approximately
300 billion galaxies in the universe, and 300 billion stars in each one of them,
we can better understand the degree of the extraordinariness of the order and
balance in question.
Delicate Balances
Another aspect of this
amazing order formed in the universe following the Big Bang is the creation of a
"habitable universe". The conditions for the formation of a habitable
planet are so many and so complex that it is almost impossible to think that
this formation is coincidental.
Eta Carinae star is destroyed by a supernova explosion. This and
similar explosions always cause disorder. However, the Big Bang, known
as the most drastic explosion ever to have taken place, has given way
to a space based on extremely precise balances and all the systems
therein. This extraordinary balance and order can by no means be
explained away by coincidences and it all proves that the entire
universe has been created by an exalted and mighty Creator Who is
Allah.
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Paul Davies, a renowned
professor of theoretical physics, calculated how "fine tuned" the pace
of expansion after the Big Bang was, and he reached an incredible conclusion.
According to Davies, if the rate of expansion after the Big Bang had been
different even by the ratio of one over a billion times a billion, no habitable
star type would have been formed:
Careful
measurement puts the rate of expansion very close to a critical value at which
the universe will just escape its own gravity and expand forever. A little
slower and the cosmos would collapse, a little faster and the cosmic material
would have long ago completely dispersed. It is interesting to ask precisely
how delicately the rate of expansion has been "fine-tuned" to fall
on this narrow dividing line between two catastrophes. If at time I S (by
which time the pattern of expansion was already firmly established) the
expansion rate had differed from its actual value by more than 10-18, it would
have been sufficient to throw the delicate balance out. The explosive vigour
of the universe is thus matched with almost unbelievable accuracy to its
gravitating power. The big bang was not, evidently, any old bang, but an
explosion of exquisitely arranged magnitude.9
The amazing balance in the
universe is thus explained in a scientific magazine:
If the
density of the universe matter had been a little more, then the universe,
according to Einstein's Theory of Relativity, would never expand due to the
attraction forces of atomic particles, and have would have recollapsed to turn
into a spot. If the density had initially been a little less, then the
universe would have expanded at the highest speed, and the atomic particles
would not have been able to attract and capture one another and stars and
galaxies would never have been formed. Naturally, we, too, would not have
existed! According to the calculations made, the difference between the
initial real density of the universe and the critical density beyond which
there is no likelihood of its formation is less than a quadrillion of a
hundredth. This is like placing a pen on its sharp end so that it can stay so
even after one billion years. Moreover, this balance gets more delicate as the
universe expands.10
We are so peaceful on the Earth where we live that we never realize we
exist on a tiny planet moving at thousands of kilometers an hour in a
boundless, airless cavity. The fact to be kept in mind, however, is
that Earth is a special shelter created for man so that he may live
thereon.
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The famous physicist Prof.
Stephen Hawking makes this comment on the balance in the speed of expansion in
his book A Brief History of Time:
If the
rate of expansion one second after the big bang had been smaller by even one
part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have
re-collapsed before it ever reached its present size.11
As regards this interesting
situation Paul Davies states:
It is
hard to resist the impression that the present structure of the universe,
apparently so sensitive to minor alterations in the numbers, has been rather
carefully thought out… The seemingly miraculous concurrence of numerical
values that nature has assigned to her fundamental constants must remain the
most compelling evidence for an element of cosmic design.12
In relation to the same set
of facts, an American professor of Astronomy, George Greenstein, writes in his
book The Symbiotic Universe:
As we
survey all the evidence, the thought insistently arises that some supernatural
agency–or, rather Agency–must be involved (in the formation of the
universe).13
We must conclude, when we
examine the glorious system in the universe, that the existence of the universe
and its workings rest on extremely delicate balances and an order too complex to
be explained away by coincidental causes. As is evident, it is by no means
possible for this delicate balance and order to have been formed on its own and
by coincidence after a great explosion. The formation of such an order following
an explosion such as the Big Bang could only have been possible as a result of
conscious interventions at each step. This is the creation of Allah, Who created
the universe out of nothing and Who at every moment keeps it under His control
and guidance.
The End of Materialism
 Modern
science proves the reality of the creation of the universe by Allah,
contrary to what outdated materialists philosophy maintains. Newsweek
made "Science Finds God" the cover story of its July 27th
1998 issue.
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All these facts indicate that
the claims of the materialist philosophy, which is simply a 19th century dogma,
are invalidated by 20th century science. By deeming everything to consist of
nothing but matter, materialism made the great mistake of denying the existence
of a Creator Who brought matter into being and ordered it. By exposing the great
plan, design and order prevalent in the material sphere, modern science has
proved the existence of a Creator Who rules over the material sphere, that is,
Allah. The design we encounter in the universe is also revealed in the world of
living beings, causing the greatest support of materialism, Darwin»s theory of
evolution, to be demolished.
Materialism could have held
sway over a great number of people for centuries, having even disguised itself
with the mask of "science" in the 19th century. Yet it seems that in
the 21st century, it will be remembered as a superstitious belief opposing
science. Humanity has rid itself of such superstitious beliefs as that the world
stands on the horns of an ox, or that it is flat, and so will it rid itself of
materialism.
1.
Materyalist Felsefe Sozlugu (Dictionary of Materialist Philosophy), Istanbul:
Sosyal Yayinlar, 4th Edition, p. 233
2. George Politzer, Principes Fondamentaux de
Philosophie, Editions Sociales, Paris, 1954, pp.62-63
3. S. Jaki, Cosmos and Creator, Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1980,
p.54
4. Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time: A Reader's
Companion (edited by Stephen Hawking ; prepared by Gene Stone.), New York,
Bantam Books, 1982, p. 62-63
5. George O. Abel, Exploration of the Universe, Holt Rinehart
and Winston, 1975, pp. 665-667
6. Henry Margenau and Roy Abraham Varghese, eds., Cosmos, Bios,
Theos, La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing, 1992 p. 241
7. Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time: A Reader's
Companion (edited by Stephen Hawking; prepared by Gene Stone.), New York, Bantam
Books, 1982, p. 143
8. W.R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Nashville: Thomas
Nelson, 1991; originally published by Philosophical Library in 1987, p. 462
9. W.R. Bird, The Origin of Species Revisited, Nashville: Thomas
Nelson, 1991; originally published by Philosophical Library in 1987, p. 405-406
10. Bilim ve Teknik magazine, vol. 201, p. 16
11. Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Bantam Books,
April 1988, p. 121
12. Paul Davies, God and the New Physics, New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1983, p. 189
13. Hugh Ross, Ph.D., The Creator and the Cosmos, Navpress,
1995, p. 76
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